Tikkanen Bertil. The Sanskrit Gerund: a Synchronic, Diachronic and Typological Analysis

Helsinki: Societas Orientalis Fennica, 1987. — 378 p. — (Studia Orientalia, Vol. 62). — ISBN 951-9380-06-X.Contents: Preface. Contents: Introduction: Scope of study. On method and theory: Descriptive framework. Implications for the theory of clause linkage. Corpus. Notes on terminology. Survey of research: The Paninean tradition. Franz Bopp. Contemporary criticism of Bopp’s theory. Wilhem von Humboldt. Theodor Benfey. William Dwight Whitney. Julius Speyer. Berthold Delbrück. The Neogrammarians. Pandurang Gune. Louis Renou. Armand Minard. Jan Gonda. Renate Söhnen. Robert Jeffers & Robert Kantor. F.B.J. Kuiper & Hans Henrich Hock. Formation and distribution of the gerund: Synopsis of the formation of the gerund. Occurrence and lexical contexts of the gerund: Ṛgveda. Atharvaveda. Yajurveda and Vedic prose. Epic and Classical Sanskrit. Lexical gaps in the formation of the gerund: Defective paradigms. Aspectual constraints on the formation of the gerund. Categorial features of the gerund: The non-finite system: Participles. Infinitives. Gerunds. Relative tense of the gerunds: Past gerund vs. perfect participle. Past gerund vs. past participle. Past gerund vs. aorist participle. Past gerund vs. present participle and non-past gerund. Past gerund vs. future participle, gerundive, infinitive. Temporal neutralization of the past gerund: Non-preterital modal-instrumental value. Final infinitival value. Complementation of alam, kim, mā. Aspect of the gerund. Voice of the gerund. Syntax and functions of the gerundial syntagm: Internal structure of the gerundial syntagm: Expansion and modification of the gerundial syntagm. Restriction on ‘oblique subject’.Subject (and agent) of the gerund: Standard constructions of the gerund. Exceptional or anomalous constructions. Scope of operators. Structure of the superordinate syntagm: Non-fmite embedded clause or phrase. Superordinate verbless iva-clause. Superordinate syntagm reduced to a prohibitive particle. Superordinate syntagm reduced to an auxiliary. Marking the clause boundary: Connectives or cohesive devices. Word order: Word order within the gerundial syntagm. Order of constituents in the clause complex. Constituent order in multiply complex sentences. Semantic interpretation of the gerundial syntagm: Backgrounded circumstantial qualification. Additive-sequential relation. Foregrounded temporal/circumstantial qualification: Temporally restrictive condition; Temporally restrictive gerunds in discourse; Inverting the temporal implicature; Non-preterital temporal qualification; Instrumental implicature; Causal implicature; Conditional implicature; Concessive implicature. Modal-instrumental qualification. Purpose. Recategorization and lexicalization of the gerund: The gerund as an adposition or conjunction. Adverbialization of the gerund. Competing and contrastive structures: Circumstantial (incl. temporal) relations: Perfect participial vs. gerundial clause. Past participial vs. gerundial clause. Aorist participial vs. gerundial clause. Present participial vs. gerundial clause. Non-past gerundial vs. past gerundial clause. Future participial vs. gerundial clause. Infinitival vs. gerundial clause. Accusative action noun phrase vs. gerundial clause. Instrumental action notm phrase vs. gerundial clause. Dative action noun phrase vs. gerundial clause. Ablative action noun phrase vs. gerundial clause. Locative action noun phrase vs. gerundial clause. Adpositional phrase vs. gerundial clause. Verbal adverbial vs. gerundial clause. Finite dependent vs. gemndial clause. Extensional and elaborative relations: Finite coordinate clause vs. gerundial clause. Participial vs. gerundial clause. Diachronic role of the gerund in clause linkage. Etymology and development of the gerund: Stem formatives of the gerunds: The allomorphs in -(t)yā/-(t)ya. The allomorphs in -tv... Inflectional elements. Middle and New Indo-Aryan developments: Morphological changes. Syntactic, semantic and pragmatic changes. Indo-European formal and functional parallels: Nuristani (‘Kafir’). Iranian. Tocharian. Greek. Latin. Baltic and Slavonic. Indo-European background of the gerund. Prehistorical development of the Indo-Aryan gerund. Possible Dravidian influences on Ṛgvedic Sanskrit: Retroflexion: Prehistory of Indo-Aryan retroflexion; Possibility of Dravidian influence on IA retroflexion. Dravidian influence on the development of the gerund? Munda influence on the Indo-Aryan gerund?: Comparison of Munda and Indo-Aryan ‘gerunds’. Tibeto-Burman influence on the development of the gerund?: Comparison of Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan gerunds. Burushaski influence on the development of the gerund?: Comparison of Burushaski and Indo-Aryan ‘gerunds’. Conclusions. References. Appendix 1: Occurrences of the gerund in Ṛgveda. Appendix 2: Occurrences of the gerund in Atharvaveda. Index locorum.