Liu Keyou. L'influence du mandchou dans le pékinois moderne: une étude comparative sur le contact linguistique entre le mandchou et le pékinois moderne

Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales - INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O', 2021. — 336 p.This dissertation explores the language contact between the modern Beijing dialect, a dialect used in and near Beijing, and Manchu, who is currently “critically endangered” according to UNESCO. These two languages intensely interacted and influenced each other in Beijing during the Qing dynasty (1644-1912). Their contact triggered a decline in the usage of Manchu, and gave birth to the contemporary Beijing dialect, based on which Standard Chinese (Putonghua) was developed. The influence of Manchu on the modern Beijing dialect is the core of our research. After an updated description of the linguistic contact between these two languages, we provide a diachronic and comparative analysis of their relationship using an enriched corpus. Our study aims at examining the different ways in which the Manchu vocabulary entered modern Beijing dialect and at tracing the development of loanwords from Manchu in the modern Beijing dialect. Based on 96 concrete examples, we analyse phonetic transcription, transliteration and bilingual composition to uncover the integration of Manchu loanwords into the modern Beijing dialect. Different borrowing chains are also identified to showcase some previous language contacts between the spoken language in Beijing and the Mongolian language, or the Jurchen language. Subsequently, we develop four case studies to illustrate the importance of Manchu's influence on the modern Beijing dialect. Some of loanwords from Manchu have been kept in the contemporary Beijing dialect and have become some of its defining characteristics.