Minsky Marvin. Society of Mind

Simon& Schust, 1988. — 336 p. — ISBN: 978-0671657130, 0671657135.Marvin Minsky - one of the fathers of computer science and cofounder of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT - gives a revolutionary answer to the age-old question: "How does the mind work? ".
Minsky brilliantly portrays the mind as a "society" of tiny components that are themselves mindless. Mirroring his theory, Minsky boldly casts The Society of Mind as an intellectual puzzle whose pieces are assembled along the way. Each chapter - on a self-contained page - corresponds to a piece in the puzzle. As the pages turn, a unified theory of the mind emerges, like a mosaic. Ingenious, amusing, and easy-to-read, The Society of Mind is an adventure in imagination.Марвин Минский (Marvin Minsky) - один из отцов компьютерной науки и один из основателей лаборатории искусственного интеллекта в Массачусетском технологическом институте - дает революционной ответ на извечный вопрос: "Как работает ум? ".
Минский блестяще изображает ум, как "сообщество" крошечных компонентов, которые сами по себе являются бессмысленными. Каждая глава книги - соответствует головоломке которая постепенно собирается. И по мере продвижения (читателя) по страницам этой книги, как мозаика возникает, единая теория сознания.Prologue.
The agents of the mind.
The mind and the brain.
The society of mind.
The world of blocks.
Common sense.
Agents and agencies.
Wholes and parts.
Components and connections.
Novelists and reductionists.
Parts and wholes.
Holes and parts.
Easy things are hard.
Are people machines?
Conflict and compromise.
Conflict.
Noncompromise.
Hierarchies.
Heterarchies.
Destructiveness.
Pain and pleasure simplified.
The self.
The self.
One self or many?
The soul.
The conservative self.
Exploitation.
Self-control.
Long-range plans.
Ideals.
Individuality.
Circular causality.
Unanswerable questions.
The remote-control self.
Personal identity.
Fashion and style.
Traits.
Permanent identity.
Insight and introspection.
Consciousness.
Signals and signs.
Thought-experiments.
B-brains.
Frozen reflection.
Momentary mental time.
The causal now.
Thinking without thinking.
Heads in the clouds.
Worlds out of mind.
In-sight.
Internal communication.
Self-knowledge is dangerous.
Confusion.
Problems and goals.
Intelligence.
Uncommon sense.
The puzzle principle.
Problem-solving.
Learning and memory.
Reinforcement and reward.
Local responsibility.
Difference-engines.
Intentions.
Genius.
A theory of memory.
K-lines: a theory of memory.
Re-membering.
Mental states and dispositions.
Partial mental states.
Level-bands.
Levels.
Fringes.
Societies of memories.
Knowledge-trees.
Levels and classifications.
Layers of societies.
Summaries.
Wanting and liking.
Gerrymandering.
Learning from failure.
Enjoying discomfort.
Papert’s principle.
Piaget’s experiments.
Reasoning about amounts.
Priorities.
Papert’s principle.
The society-of-more.
About piaget’s experiments.
The concept of concept.
Education and development.
Learning a hierarchy.
The shape of space.
Seeing red.
The shape of space.
Nearnesses.
Innate geography.
Sensing similarities.
The centered self.
Predestined learning.
Half-brains.
Dumbbell theories.
Learning meaning.
A block-arch scenario.
Learning meaning.
Uniframes.
Structure and function.
The functions of structures.
Accumulation.
Accumulation strategies.
Problems of disunity.
The exception principle.
How towers work.
How causes work.
Meaning and definition.
Bridge-definitions.
Seeing and believing.
Reformulation.
Boundaries.
Seeing and believing.
Children’s drawing-frames.
Learning a script.
The frontier effect.
Duplications.
Reformulation.
Using reformulations.
The body-support concept.
Means and ends.
Seeing squares.
Brainstorming.
The investment principle.
Parts and holes.
The power of negative thinking.
The interaction-square.
Consciousness and memory.
Momentary mental state.
Self-examination.
Memory.
Memories of memories.
The immanence illusion.
Many kinds of memory.
Memory rearrangements.
Anatomy of memory.
Interruption and recovery.
Losing track.
The recursion principle.
Emotion.
Emotion.
Mental growth.
Mental proto-specialists.
Cross-exclusion.
Avalanche effects.
Motivation.
Exploitation.
Stimulus vs. simulus.
Infant emotions.
Adult emotions.
Development.
Sequences of teaching-selves.
Attachment-learning.
Attachment simplifies.
Functional autonomy.
Developmental stages.
Prerequisites for growth.
Genetic timetables.
Attachment-images.
Different spans of memories.
Intellectual trauma.
Intellectual ideals.
Reasoning.
Must machines be logical?
Chains of reasoning.
Chaining.
Logical chains.
Strong arguments.
Magnitude from multitude.
What is a number?
Mathematics made hard.
Robustness and recovery.
Words and ideas.
The roots of intention.
The language-agency.
Words and ideas.
Objects and properties.
Polynemes.
Recognizers.
Weighing evidence.
Generalizing.
Recognizing thoughts.
Closing the ring.
Context and ambiguity.
Ambiguity.
Negotiating ambiguity.
Visual ambiguity.
Locking-in and weeding-out.
Micronemes.
The nemeic spiral.
Connections.
Connection lines.
Distributed memory.
Trans-frames.
The pronouns of the mind.
Pronomes.
Trans-frames.
Communication among agents.
Automatism.
Trans-frame pronomes.
Generalizing with pronomes.
Attention.
Expression.
Pronomes and polynemes.
Isonomes.
De-specializing.
Learning and teaching.
Inference.
Expression.
Causes and clauses.
Interruptions.
Pronouns and references.
Verbal expression.
Creative expression.
Comparisons.
A world of differences.
Differences and duplicates.
Time blinking.
The meanings of more.
Foreign accents.
Frames.
The speed of thought.
Frames of mind.
How trans-frames work.
Default assumptions.
Nonverbal reasoning.
Direction-nemes.
Picture-frames.
How picture-frames work.
Recognizers and memorizers.
Frame-arrays.
One frame at a time?
Frame-arrays.
The stationary world.
The sense of continuity.
Expectations.
The frame idea.
Language-frames.
Understanding words.
Understanding stories.
Sentence-frames.
A party-frame.
Story-frames.
Sentence and nonsense.
Frames for nouns.
Frames for verbs.
Language and vision.
Learning language.
Grammar.
Coherent discourse.
Censors and jokes.
Demons.
Suppressors.
Censors.
Exceptions to logic.
Jokes.
Humor and censorship.
Laughter.
Good humor.
The mind and the world.
The myth of mental energy.
Magnitude and marketplace.
Quantity and quality.
Mind over matter.
The mind and the world.
Minds and machines.
Individual identities.
Overlapping minds.
The realms of thought.
The realms of thought.
Several thoughts at once.
Paranomes.
Cross-realm correspondences.
The problem of unity.
Autistic children.
Likenesses and analogies.
Metaphors.
Mental models.
Knowing.
Knowing and believing.
Mental models.
World models.
Knowing ourselves.
Freedom of will.
The myth of the third alternative.
Intelligence and resourcefulness.
Appendix.
Heredity and environment.
The genesis of mental realms.
Gestures and trajectories.
Brain connections.
Survival instinct.
Evolution and intent.
Insulation and interaction.
Evolution of human thought.
Postscript and acknowledgment.
Glossary and bibliography.
Index.