Lederer Marianne. Translation

The Interpretive Model. Second edition. — Abingdon: Routledge, 2003. — xii + 239 p. — ISBN: 9781900650618Translated by Ninon Larché.
This book, the English version of La traduction aujourd'hui (Hachette 1994), describes the interpretive theory of translation developed at the Paris Ecole Supérieure d'Interprètes et de Traducteurs (ESIT) over the last 35 years.
The theory identifies the mental and cognitive processes involved in both oral and written translation: understanding the text, deverbalizing its language, re-expressing sense. For the purposes of translation, languages are a means of transmitting sense, they are not to be translated as such. Although translation involves the use of correspondences, translators generally set up equivalence between text segments. The synecdochic nature of both languages and texts, a phenomenon discussed in the book, explains why translation is possible across language differences.
The many practical problems faced by translators, the difference between translation exercises used as a language teaching tool and professional translation, translating into a foreign language, and machine translation as compared to human translation are also discussed.The Theoretical Aspects of Translation
Translation through Interpretation
The three levels of translation
Interpreting
The oral and the written
The oral origins of the interpretive explanation of translation
What is interpretation?
Deverbalization
Sense
The immediate grasp of sense
Units of sense
The written form
Understanding
Understanding the linguistic component
Understanding what is implicit
Cognitive inputs
Expression
Reverbalization
The verification stage
Identical contents, equivalent forms
Equivalence and correspondence
Equivalence and correspondence
What is equivalence?
What is correspondence?
Translation by equivalence
Cognitive equivalence
Affective equivalence
The global nature of equivalence
Explicit or synecdoche
The spirit of a language and the creation of equivalents
How to evaluate equivalence?
Correspondences which are appropriate when translating texts
Words chosen deliberately
Enumerations
Technical terms
Polysemy and actualization
The various forms of translation by correspondence
Faithfulness and freedom
Language and Translation
Linguistics and translation
Structural linguistics
Generative linguistics
Communication and the interactionist approach
Langue, parole and text: some definitions
Macro-signs and hypotheses of senses
Interpretation
Two demonstrations of interpretation
Interpretation from the actor
Interpretation made explicit
The Practice of Translation
The Practical Problems of Translation
A few problems observed in practice
The absence of deverbalization
Deverbalization, a methodological issue
The translation unit
Faithfulness
The transfer of culture
Translation and the Teaching of Languages
The natural tendency of all learners
Comparative studies and the teaching of translation
The awkward position of translation
Translation into the foreign language (thème) and translation into the mother tongue (version)
Translation into the foreign language (thème)
Translation into the mother tongue (version)
How to improve the language skills of the would-be-translator
The language skills course
The self-study brochure
The teaching of translation
Translation into the Foreign Language
Into which language should one translate?
The limits of translation into the foreign language
Acceptability in translation
The complementarity between the specialist reader and the foreign language translation
Foreign language translation and its cultural adaptation to the reader
The general public and translation into a foreign language
Machine Translation versus Human Translation
An historical overview of machine translation
Machine translation today
Fully automatic machine translation
Human intervention
How the machine understands languages
Lexical data
Transformational rules
Parsing
Comparing humans and machines
The differences
The similarities
Real world knowledge and contextual knowledge
Machines move closer to humans
Knowledge bases
Neural networks
Machine-aided human translation