Bassett D.R., Hamielec A.E. Emulsion Polymers and Emulsion Polymerization

Washington: American Chemical Society, 1981. —596 p.
The symposium on Emulsion Polymerization held at the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Las Vegas followed a similar symposium held five years earlier at an ACS meeting in April, 1975. The proceedings of the 1975 symposium, organized by I. Piirma and J. L. Gardon, were subsequently published as Volume 24 in the ACS Symposium Series. The remarkable growth in emulsion polymerization technology was noted at that time. This growth has not only continued during the succeeding half-decade, but has accelerated. The present volume documents recent advances made by an international body of scientists working on a wide range of fundamental and applied problems in emulsion polymerization and emulsion polymers.
In planning the program, it was felt that tutorial lectures by recognized authorities would be an appropriate way of reviewing the state of the art and also an efficient means of introducing each of the diverse areas of emulsion polymerization in preparation for the contributed papers to follow. Invited lectures (Chapters 1-6) included a treatment of several important aspects of emulsion polymer particles: their nucleation, their growth and stabilization, and their characterization by light scattering. A discussion of the synthesis and study of model polymer colloids revealed their wide use in diverse applications. Also included were lectures on molecular weight development and on the design and operation of continuous latex reactors.
One area of intense current effort is the design and control of molecular and particle structure in emulsion polymerization. At least eight of the chapters touch on this subject. Recent advances include the use of novel reaction pathways to achieve nonuniform as well as uniform structures when desired. Light scattering, electron microscopy, and NMR techniques have been utilized to probe particle morphologies and molecular architecture. Reaction kinetics has always been a central concern in emulsion polymerization investigations. The effects of chain entanglement, monomer diffusion, and nonreactive components on kinetics have been treated. The engineering aspects of emulsion polymerization are closely aligned with the foregoing subjects since the reaction process has such a strong effect on the properties of emulsion polymers. Of particular interest are methods for control of reactors and for real-time monitoring of reactor dynamics.
This collection of papers indicates the rapid advancement in our understanding and use of the many facets of emulsion polymerization and emulsion polymers. It also suggests likely advances during the next five years: further development of analytical techniques for investigating the surface chemistry, internal structure, and physical properties of emulsion polymers; inverse emulsion polymerization of water-soluble monomers; development of a better understanding of coagulation—for particle size control as well as for the prevention of reactor fouling; a more complete understanding of high-conversion kinetics; and an increase in on-line instrumentation to permit the use of continuous reactors to produce highquality emulsion polymers.
In addition to the support of the cosponsoring Divisions of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, we gratefully acknowledge financial contributions to the symposium from the following corporations: Air Products and Chemicals, Diamond Shamrock, Dow Chemical, Eastman Kodak, Nalco Chemical, PPG Industries, SOHIO, and Union Carbide. We must also acknowledge the referees who reviewed the papers and made many helpful suggestions to the authors.ContensPREFACE
Latex Particle Nucleation and Growth
Latex Particle Stabilization
Well-Characterized Monodisperse Polystrene Latexes as Model Colloids
Characterization of Latex Particles by Light Scattering
The Molecular Weight Distributions of Emulsion Polymers
On the Optimal Reactor Type and Operation for Continuous Emulsion Polymerization
Emulsifier-Free Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene with Acrylamide and Its Derivatives
Polyelectrolyte-Stabilized Latices
Mechanical and Chemical Stability of Polymer Latices
Stabilization in Nonaqueous Radical Dispersion Polymerization with AB Block Copolymers of Polystyrene and Poly(dimethyl siloxane)
The Formation of Coagulum in Emulsion Polymerization
Effect of Spray Drying Parameters on Polyvinyl Chloride Resin Particle Size Distribution and Plastisol Rheology
Surfactant Interactions in Polyvinyl Acetate and Poly (vinyl acetate—butyl acrylate) Latexes
Rapid Density Gradient Centrifugation of Polymer Latices
The Relationship Between the Electrophoretic Mobility and the A dsorption of Ions on Polystyrene Latex
Techniques for Measuring Particle Swelling of Carboxylic Emulsion Polymers
Light Scattering Studies of the Internal Structure of Emulsion Polymer Particles
Preparation and Characterization of Alkali-Swellable Carboxylated Latexes
Emulsion Polymerization Kinetics
Chain Entanglements and Glassy-State Transition
Diffusion-Controlled Kinetics in the Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate
Polymerization Kinetics by Precision Densimetry
The Effect of Nonreactive Additives on the Kinetics of Emulsion Polymerization
Nonuniform Emulsion Polymers
Process Description and Polymer Properties
Nonuniform Emulsion Polymers
Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
Morphology of Two-Stage Latex Particles
Polystyrene and Styrene—Butadiene Copolymer Pair Systems
New Design for Producing Constant-Composition Copolymers in Emulsion Polymerization
Comparison with Other Processes
Theory of Compartmentalized Free-Radical Polymerization Reactions
A Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization: Isotope Effect
Catalysis of Thermal Initiation of Styrene Emulsion Polymerization by Emulsifiers
Latex Seed Particle Growth at High Surfactant Surface Coverage
On-Line Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerization Reactor Dynamics
Control of Particle Size Distribution Through Emulsifier Metering Based on Rate of Conversion
A Simulation Study on the Use of a Dead-Time Compensation Algorithm for Closed-Loop Conversion Control of Continuous Emulsion Polymerization Reactors
Experimental Study of the Seeded Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate in a Tube
INDEX