Demirel Y. Energy: Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation, and Coupling

Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2012. XIX, 507 p. 274 illus. — With online files/update. — ISBN: 978-1-4471-2371-2, e-ISBN: 978-1-4471-2372-9.Includes example energy-related problems
Introduces base vocabulary, forms, sources, properties and units of energy
Discusses the energy coupling in various processes
Understanding the sustainable use of energy in various processes is an integral part of engineering and scientific studies, which rely on a sound knowledge of energy systems. Whilst many institutions now offer degrees in energy-related programs, a comprehensive textbook, which introduces and explains sustainable energy systems and can be used across engineering and scientific fields, has been lacking. Energy: Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation, and Coupling provides the reader with a practical understanding of these five main topic areas of energy including 130 examples and over 600 practice problems. Each chapter contains a range of supporting figures, tables, thermodynamic diagrams and charts, while the Appendix supplies the reader with all the necessary data including the steam tables. This new textbook presents a clear introduction of basic vocabulary, properties, forms, sources, and balances of energy before advancing to the main topic areas of:Energy production and conversion in important physical, chemical, and biological processes,Conservation of energy and its impact on sustainability,Various forms of energy storage, andEnergy coupling and bioenergetics in living systems.A solution manual for the practice problems of the textbook is offered for the instructor. Energy: Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation, and Coupling is a comprehensive source, study guide, and course supplement for both undergraduates and graduates across a range of engineering and scientific disciplines.
Content Level » Research
Keywords » Energy Conservation - Energy Conversion - Energy Coupling - Energy Production -Energy Storage
Related subjects » Energy - Energy Technology - Mechanical Engineering - Sustainable DevelopmentIntroduction: Basic DefinitionsSystem
Property and Variables
Dimensions and Units
Measures of Amounts and Fractions
Force
Temperature
Example
Conversion of temperature units
Pressure
Example Pressure calculations
Example Pressure conversions
Example Absolute pressure estimations
Volume
State
Thermodynamic Equilibrium State
Ideal-Gas Equation of State
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor State
Steam Tables
Example
Energy change during evaporation
Example Energy change during condensation
Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture
Example Quality of a saturated liquid and vapor mixture of a steam
Partial Pressure and Saturation Pressure
Example Estimation of saturated vapor pressure
Process
ProblemsEnergy and Energy TypesEnergy
Energy Types
Primary Energy
Secondary Energy
Non Renewable Energy Sources
Coal
Petroleum (Crude Oil)
Petroleum Fractions
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Heating Value of Fuels
Energy Density
Example
Energy consumption by a car
Fuel consumption by a low and a high-mileage car
Daily consumption of natural gas by a city Energy consumed by a car Renewable Energy Resources
Hydroenergy
Solar Energy
Biomass and Bioenergy
Example
Gross heating value estimations
Wind Energy
Geothermal Energy
Ocean Energy
Projection on Renewable Energy Contributions
Hydrogen
Electric Energy
Electricity consumption of a laptop computer
Magnetic Energy
Chemical Energy
Energy and Global Warming
Carbon dioxide emission from natural gas combustion
Tackling the Global Warming
Consumption of coal and emission of carbon dioxide from coal
Reducing air pollution by geothermal heating Student Concern of Global Warning
ProblemsMechanical Energy and Electrical EnergyMechanical Energy
Kinetic Energy
Example
Calculation of the kinetic energy for a flowing fluid
Kinetic energy of a car
Potential Energy
Potential energy change of water
Energy of an elevator
Pressure Energy
Pressure energy of a hydraulic turbine
Pressure Head
Pumping water
Calculation of the power needed to pump water
Surface Energy
Sound Energy
Mechanical Work
Power
Power conversions
Boundary Work
Expansion and compression work of an ideal gas
Isothermal compression work
sentropic Process Work
Isentropic compression of air
Polytropic Process Work
Calculation of work done by a piston on an ideal gas
Polytropic expansion of air
Shaft Work
Estimation of shaft power
Spring Work
Estimation of spring work
Electric Energy
Electric Potential Energy
Estimation of Electrical Energy
Electric Power
Capacitance
Estimation of electrical work
Other Forms of Work
ProblemsInternal Energy and EnthalpyInternal Energy
Enthalpy
Example
Unit conversions of heat capacity
Calculation of internal energy change
Determination of state properties
Heat value of a saturated liquid and vapor mixture of a steam
Heat
Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
Heating with Phase Change
Calculation of heat of vaporization using Antoine equation and Clasius-Clapeyron equation
Estimation of change of enthalpy with sensible and latent heat
Estimation of heat of vaporization at another temperature
Heat of Reaction
Estimation of standard heat of reaction
Estimation of standard heats of reaction from standard heats of formation
Standard Heat of Combustion
Determination of standard heats of reaction
Estimation of standard heats of combustion from standard heats of formation
Effect of Temperature on the Heat of Reaction
Estimation of standard heat of reaction at a temperature other than 298 K
Standard Enthalpy Changes
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Maximum flame temperature
Air Pollution from Combustion Processes
Heat of Mixing
Estimation of partial enthalpies
Heat Measurements by Calorimeter
Measurement of heat capacity of a metal in a calorimeter
Psychrometric Diagram
Determination of air properties on a psychrometric chart
Heat Transfer
Estimation of radiation heat transfer
Entropy
Exergy
Fluid-Flow Work
ProblemsEnergy BalancesBalance Equations
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
Unsteady-State Flow Systems
Steady-State Flow Systems
Closed system energy balance calculations
Entropy Balance
Exergy Balance
Exergy loss calculations
Fluid-Flow Processes
Turbines Compressors and Pumps
Turbine calculations
Compressor calculations
Pump power calculation
Nozzles and Diffusers
Nozzle calculations
Mixing Chambers
Mixing chamber calculations
Throttling Valve
Throttling process calculations
Throttling of a refrigerant
Heat Exchangers
Heat exchanger calculations
Pipe and Duct Flows
Energy Balance in a Cyclic Process
ProblemsEnergy ProductionEnergy Production
Electric Power Production
Example 6.1 Power production by an adiabatic steam turbine
Transmission of Energy
Distributed Energy Resources
Power Producing Engine Cycles
Example
Steam power production
Steam flow rate calculation in a power plant
Carnot Cycle
Power output from a Carnot cycle
Rankine Cycle
Analysis of a simple ideal Rankine cycle
Brayton Cycle
Stirling Engine
Combined Cycles
Improving the Power Production in Steam Power Plants
Modification of Operating Conditions of the Condenser and Boiler
Reheating the Steam
Simple reheat Rankine cycle in a steam power plant
Regeneration
Power output of ideal regenerative Rankine cycle
Reheat–Regenerative Rankine Cycle
Ideal reheat-regenerative cycle
Geothermal Power Plants
A steam power plant using a geothermal energy source
Cogeneration
Energy output in a cogeneration plant
Estimation of process heat in a cogeneration plant
Nuclear Power Plants
Hydropower Plants
Hydroelectric power output
Wind Power Plants
Windmill power estimations
Solar Power Plants
Hydrogen Production
Fuel Cells
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Microbial Fuel Cell
Biomass and Bioenergy Production
Bioethanol Production
Biodiesel and Green Diesel Production
Energy from Solid Waste
Other Energy Production Opportunities
Levelized Energy Cost
Thermodynamic Cost
Ecological Cost
Ecological Planning
Coal-Fired Power Plants
Nuclear Power Plants
ProblemsEnergy ConversionEnergy Conversion
Series of Energy Conversions
Conversion of Chemical Energy of Fuel to Heat
Heating Value of a Fuel
Example
Estimation of lower heating value from higher heating value
Estimating the heating values from the standard heat of combustion
Thermal Efficiency of Energy Conversions
Ideal Fluid-Flow Energy Conversions
Maximum work (ideal work) calculations
Isentropic turbine efficiency
Lost Work
Estimation of lost work
Estimation of a minimum power required in a compressor
Efficiency of Mechanical Conversions
Heat loss in an electric motor
Mechanical efficiency of a pump
Conversion of Thermal Energy by Heat Engines
Thermal efficiency of a heat engine
Fuel consumption of a car
Air-Standard Assumptions
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
Conversion of Mechanical Energy by Electric Generator
Carnot Engine Efficiency
Endoreversible Heat Engine Efficiency
Rankine Engine Efficiency
Steam turbine efficiency and power output
Estimation of thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle
Brayton Engine Efficiency
Simple ideal Brayton cycle calculations with variable specific heats
Thermal efficiency of an actual Brayton cycle with variable specific heats
Ideal Brayton cycle with constant specific heats
Otto Engine Efficiency
Efficiency calculations of ideal Otto engine with variable specific heats
Efficiency calculations of an ideal Otto cycle with constant specific heats
Diesel Engine Efficiency
Thermal efficiency of an ideal Diesel engine with the constant specific heats
Thermal efficiency of an ideal Diesel engine with variable specific heats
Ericsson and Stirling Engine Efficiency
Atkinson Engine Efficiency
Improving Efficiency of Heat Engines
Hydroelectricity
Efficiency of a hydraulic turbine
Pumped energy in a hydropower plant
Wind Electricity
Efficiency of a wind turbine
Geothermal Electricity
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Thermoelectric Effect
Efficiency of Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
Heat Pumps
Heat pump calculations
Refrigerators
Analysis of a refrigeration cycle
Heat rejection by a refrigerator
Coefficient of performance of a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
Efficiency of Fuel Cells
Energy Conversions in Biological Systems
Energy Conversion by Oxidative Phosphorylation
Energy from Photosynthesis
Metabolism
Biological Fuels
Converting Biomass to Biofuels
ProblemsEnergy StorageEnergy Storage and Regulation
Water
Hydrogen
Types of Energy Storage
Thermal Energy Storage
Solar Energy Storage
Sensible Heat Storage
Example
Sensible heat storage calculations
Latent Heat Storage by Phase Changing Material
Heat storage calculations
Ice Storage
Molten Salt Technology
Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage
Seasonal Solar Thermal Energy Storage for Greenhouse Heating
Latent heat storage calculations
Underground Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage
Borehole Thermal Energy Systems
Electric Energy Storage
Hydroelectric Energy Storage
Pumped energy in a hydropower plant
Electric Energy Storage in Battery
Rechargeable Battery for Electric Car
Chemical Energy Storage
Bioenergy Sources
Energy Storage in Biofuels
Energy Storage in Voltaic Cell
Mechanical Energy Storage
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Maximum air compressed energy storage
Maximum air compressed energy storage in a large cavern
Flywheel Energy Storage
Hydraulic Accumulator
Springs
ProblemsEnergy ConservationEnergy Conservation and Recovery
Conservation of Energy in Industrial Processes
Energy Conservation in Power Production
Example
Energy conservation by regeneration in a Brayton cycle
Increasing the efficiency of a Rankine cycle by reducing the condenser pressure
Maximum possible efficiency calculation in Example
Increasing the efficiency of a Rankine cycle by increasing the boiler pressure
Increasing the efficiency of a Rankine cycle by increasing the boiler temperature
Estimation of maximum possible efficiencies in Example
Energy Conservation in the Compression and Expansion Work
Energy conservation in a two-stage compression work by intercooling
Compressor efficiency and power input
Energy conservation in expansion by replacing a throttle valve with a turbine
Conservation of Energy by High-Efficiency Electric Motors
Energy Conservation in Home Heating and Cooling
Home Heating by Fossil Fuels
Home Heating by Electric Resistance
Home Heating by Solar Systems
Heating a house by heat pump
Energy conservation in house heating by Carnot heat pump
Energy Efficiency Standards
Efficiency of Air Conditioner
Electricity cost of air conditioner
Maximum Possible Efficiency for Cooling
Calculating the annual cost of power for an air conditioner
Reducing the cost of cooling with a unit operating at a higher SEER rating
Fuel Efficiency
Comparison of energy sources of electricity with natural gas for heating
Overall plant efficiency and required amount of coal in a coal-fired steam power plant
Required amount of coal in a coal-fired
steam power plant
Fuel Efficiency of Vehicles
Fuel consumption of a car
Energy Conservation While Driving
Fuel conservation with a more fuel-efficient car
Regenerative Braking
Energy Conservation in Electricity Distribution and Smart Grid
Standby Power
Energy Conservation in Lighting
Conservation of energy with compact fluorescent bulbs
Energy Harvesting
Conservation of Energy and Sustainability
Exergy Conservation and Exergy
Energy Recovery on Utilities Using Pinch Analysis
Composite Curves
Energy conservation by the pinch analysis
ProblemsEnergy CouplingEnergy Coupling and Gibbs Free Energy
Energy Coupling in Living Systems
Bioenergetics
Mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain and Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP) Synthesis
Active Transport
Simple Analysis of Energy Coupling
Example
Efficiency of energy conversion of photosynthesis
Variation of Energy Coupling
Regulation of Energy Coupling
Uncoupling
Slippages and Leaks
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Bioenergy Sources
Oxidation of glucose
Daily energy expenditure
Energy expenditure in small organisms
Energy expenditure in an adult organism
ProblemsAppendix A: Physical and Critical Properties
Physical properties of various organic and inorganic substances
Critical properties
Appendix B: Heat Capacities
Table B
Heat capacities in the ideal-gas state
Heat capacities of liquids
Heat capacities of solids
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
Appendix C: Enthalpy and Gibbs Free Energy of Formations at 298.15 K
Table C
Standard enthalpies and Gibbs energies of formation at 298.15 K
Appendix D: Ideal Gas Properties of Some Common Gases
Table D
Ideal-gas properties of air
Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2ф
Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2ф
Appendix E: Thermochemical Properties
Table E
Saturated refrigerant R-134a
Superheated refrigerant R-134a
Saturated propane
Superheated propane
Appendix F: Steam Tables
Table F
Saturated steam tables in English units
Superheated steam tables in English units
Saturated steam tables in SI units
Superheated steam tables in SI units